It was always exciting discussing 50ms switching/restoration time perspective for telecom circuits for every engineer who belongs to some part of telecom services including, optical, voice, data, microwave, radio, etc. I was also seeking it since the start of my telecom career, and I believe s…
The pump wavelength used is either 980nm or 1480 nm due to the availability of these laser sources. In the course of the explanation let see the energy level diagrams for the (Erbium) Er3+ ion, the absorption band of Er+, and the pump efficiency.
(a) Energy levels of…
What is PCS ?
The Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS) is a networking protocol sublayer in the Ethernet standards. This layer resides at the top of the physical layer (PHY) which provides an interface between the Physical Medium Attachment (PMA) sublayer and the media-independent interface (MII). Thi…
Optical fiber communication professionals might have heard about ORL (Optical Return Loss ) during design and operation on an Optical Fiber Network.Intend of this article is to share the information on this topic which could help optical fiber engineers and professionals understanding the concept …
Automation in Optical Networking
If you are reading this you can do this!!!
Google , Stackoverflow and your little efforts will do it.No worries!!!
This article is not for professional automation engineer but for the enthusiastic professionals who just want to start but need so…
The 980nm pump needs three energy level for radiation while 1480nm pumps can excite the ions directly to the metastable level .
(a) Energy level scheme of ground and first two excited states of Er ions in a silica matrix. The sublevel splitting and the lengths of arrows repre…
Map of transmission impairments in long-haul submarine systems and some techniques/technologies for their mitigation or compensation.
source:https://www.elsevier.com/books/undersea-fiber-communication-systems/chesnoy/978-0-12-804269-4
Spectral Hole Burning (SHB)
Spectral hole burning (SHB) is a major limitation of amplified WDM systems with high channel count. The main reason lies in the fact that there is no possibility of compensating for this effect.
Compared with requirements for EDFAs for terrestrial applications and for Submarine applications, there are major important differences making the two types of amplifiers definitely two different components.
| Terrestrial(Land) system | Submarine System |
|
•Relia… |
Here the results are after evaluating the effect of a thermal variation on the output tilt. In this particular set-up the amplifier is kept at room temperature (25 °C) and only the active fiber spool undergo a thermal cycle. Temperature of the EDFA is varied from 0 °C to 65 °C and the amplifier gain…
It's always a wondering situation when we discuss Raman Amplifier;its benefits , requirement and application.I have tried to make it simpler to understand here.
Hope it will help the readers.
Introduction
Layer 0(zero) merely introduces any latency to the network.
Future Transport Network R…
The optical link design essentially is putting the various optical components, which we discussed earlier, so that information can be transmitted satisfactorily. The satisfactoriness of the transmission can be defined in terms of some characteristic parameters.
The user generally specifies the dis…
The first thing to note is that for each frame there are two sets of 20 parity bits. One set is associated with the end to end post FEC BER. The other is used to measure the span by span raw BER. The points at which these parity bits are terminated are…
