amplifier – MapYourTech

25 Questions with Answers on EDFA Amplifiers

Interviews 10 Mins Read

EDFA stands for Erbium-doped fiber amplifier, and it is a type of optical amplifier used in optical communication systems

What is an EDFA amplifier?
How does an EDFA amplifier work?
What is the gain of an EDFA amplifier?
What is the noise figure of an EDFA amplifier?
What is the saturation power of an EDFA amplifier?
What is the output power of an EDFA amplifier?
What is the input power range of an EDFA amplifier?
What is the bandwidth of an EDFA amplifier?
What is the polarization-dependent gain of an EDFA amplifier?
What is the polarization mode dispersion of an EDFA amplifier?
What is the chromatic dispersion of an EDFA amplifier?
What is the pump power of an EDFA amplifier?
What are the types of pump sources used in EDFA amplifiers?
What is the lifetime of an EDFA amplifier?
What is the reliability of an EDFA amplifier?
What is the temperature range of an EDFA amplifier?
What are the applications of EDFA amplifiers?
How can EDFA amplifiers be used in long-haul optical networks?
How can EDFA amplifiers be used in metropolitan optical networks?
How can EDFA amplifiers be used in access optical networks?
What are the advantages of EDFA amplifiers over other types of optical amplifiers?
What are the disadvantages of EDFA amplifiers?
What are the challenges in designing EDFA amplifiers?
How can the performance of EDFA amplifiers be improved?
What is the future of EDFA amplifiers in optical networks?

What is an EDFA Amplifier?

An EDFA amplifier is a type of optical amplifier that uses a doped optical fiber to amplify optical signals. The doping material used in the fiber is erbium, which is added to the fiber core during the manufacturing process. The erbium ions in the fiber core absorb optical signals at a specific wavelength and emit them at a higher energy level, which results in amplification of the optical signal.

How Does an EDFA Amplifier Work?

An EDFA amplifier works on the principle of stimulated emission. When an optical signal enters the doped fiber core, the erbium ions in the fiber absorb the energy from the optical signal and get excited to a higher energy level. The excited erbium ions then emit photons at the same wavelength and in phase with the incoming photons, which results in amplification of the optical signal.

What is the Gain of an EDFA Amplifier?

The gain of an EDFA amplifier is the ratio of output power to input power, expressed in decibels (dB). The gain of an EDFA amplifier depends on the length of the doped fiber, the concentration of erbium ions in the fiber, and the pump power.

What is the Noise Figure of an EDFA Amplifier?

The noise figure of an EDFA amplifier is a measure of the additional noise introduced by the amplifier in the optical signal. It is expressed in decibels (dB) and is a function of the gain and the bandwidth of the amplifier.

What is the Saturation Power of an EDFA Amplifier?

The saturation power of an EDFA amplifier is the input power at which the gain of the amplifier saturates and does not increase further. It depends on the pump power and the length of the doped fiber.

What is the Output Power of an EDFA Amplifier?

The output power of an EDFA amplifier depends on the input power, the gain, and the saturation power of the amplifier. The output power can be increased by increasing the input power or by using multiple stages of amplification.

What is the Input Power Range of an EDFA Amplifier?

The input power range of an EDFA amplifier is the range of input powers that can be amplified without significant distortion or damage to the amplifier. The input power range depends on the saturation power and the noise figure of the amplifier.

What is the Bandwidth of an EDFA Amplifier?

The bandwidth of an EDFA amplifier is the range of wavelengths over which the amplifier can amplify the optical signal. The bandwidth depends on the spectral characteristics of the erbium ions in the fiber and the optical filters used in the amplifier.

What is the Polarization-Dependent Gain of an EDFA Amplifier?

The polarization-dependent gain of an EDFA amplifier is the difference in gain between two orthogonal polarizations of the input signal. It is caused by the birefringence of the doped fiber and can be minimized by using polarization-maintaining fibers and components.

What is the Polarization Mode Dispersion of an EDFA Amplifier?

The polarization mode dispersion of an EDFA amplifier is the differential delay between the two orthogonal polarizations of the input signal. It is caused by the birefringence of the doped fiber and can lead to distortion and signal degradation.

What is the Chromatic Dispersion of an EDFA Amplifier?

The chromatic dispersion of an EDFA amplifier is the differential delay between different wavelengths of the input signal. It is caused by the dispersion of the fiber and can lead to signal distortion and inter-symbol interference.

What is the Pump Power of an EDFA Amplifier?

The pump power of an EDFA amplifier is the power of the pump laser used to excite the erbium ions in the fiber. The pump power is typically in the range of a few hundred milliwatts to a few watts.

What are the Types of Pump Sources Used in EDFA Amplifiers?

The two types of pump sources used in EDFA amplifiers are laser diodes and fiber-coupled laser diodes. Laser diodes are more compact and efficient but require precise temperature control, while fiber-coupled laser diodes are more robust but less efficient.

What is the Lifetime of an EDFA Amplifier?

The lifetime of an EDFA amplifier depends on the quality of the components used and the operating conditions. A well-designed and maintained EDFA amplifier can have a lifetime of several years.

What is the Reliability of an EDFA Amplifier?

The reliability of an EDFA amplifier depends on the quality of the components used and the operating conditions. A well-designed and maintained EDFA amplifier can have a high level of reliability.

What is the Temperature Range of an EDFA Amplifier?

The temperature range of an EDFA amplifier depends on the thermal properties of the components used and the design of the amplifier. Most EDFA amplifiers can operate over a temperature range of -5°C to 70°C.

What are the Applications of EDFA Amplifiers?

EDFA amplifiers are used in a wide range of applications, including long-haul optical networks, metropolitan optical networks, and access optical networks. They are also used in fiber-optic sensors, fiber lasers, and other applications that require optical amplification.

How can EDFA Amplifiers be Used in Long-Haul Optical Networks?

EDFA amplifiers can be used in long-haul optical networks to overcome the signal attenuation caused by the fiber loss. By amplifying the optical signal periodically along the fiber link, the signal can be transmitted over longer distances without the need for regeneration. EDFA amplifiers can also be used in conjunction with other types of optical amplifiers, such as Raman amplifiers, to improve the performance of the optical network.

How can EDFA Amplifiers be Used in Metropolitan Optical Networks?

EDFA amplifiers can be used in metropolitan optical networks to increase the reach and capacity of the network. They can be used to amplify the optical signal in the fiber links between the central office and the remote terminals, as well as in the access network. EDFA amplifiers can also be used to compensate for the loss in passive optical components, such as splitters and couplers.

How can EDFA Amplifiers be Used in Access Optical Networks?

EDFA amplifiers can be used in access optical networks to increase the reach and capacity of the network. They can be used to amplify the optical signal in the fiber links between the central office and the optical network terminals (ONTs), as well as in the distribution network. EDFA amplifiers can also be used to compensate for the loss in passive optical components, such as splitters and couplers.

What are the Advantages of EDFA Amplifiers over Other Types of Optical Amplifiers?

The advantages of EDFA amplifiers over other types of optical amplifiers include high gain, low noise figure, wide bandwidth, and compatibility with other optical components. EDFA amplifiers also have a simple and robust design and are relatively easy to manufacture.

What are the Disadvantages of EDFA Amplifiers?

The disadvantages of EDFA amplifiers include polarization-dependent gain, polarization mode dispersion, and chromatic dispersion. EDFA amplifiers also require high pump powers and precise temperature control, which can increase the cost and complexity of the system.

What are the Challenges in Designing EDFA Amplifiers?

The challenges in designing EDFA amplifiers include minimizing the polarization-dependent gain and polarization mode dispersion, optimizing the pump power and wavelength, and reducing the noise figure and distortion. The design also needs to be robust and reliable, and compatible with other optical components.

How can the Performance of EDFA Amplifiers be Improved?

The performance of EDFA amplifiers can be improved by using polarization-maintaining fibers and components, optimizing the pump power and wavelength, using optical filters to reduce noise and distortion, and using multiple stages of amplification. The use of advanced materials, such as thulium-doped fibers, can also improve the performance of EDFA amplifiers.

What is the Future of EDFA Amplifiers in Optical Networks?

EDFA amplifiers will continue to play an important role in optical networks, especially in long-haul and high-capacity applications. However, new technologies, such as semiconductor optical amplifiers and hybrid amplifiers, are emerging that offer higher performance and lower cost. The future of EDFA amplifiers will depend on their ability to adapt to these new technologies and continue to provide value to the optical networking industry.

Conclusion

EDFA amplifiers are a key component of optical communication systems, providing high gain and low noise amplification of optical signals. Understanding the basics of EDFA amplifiers, including their gain, noise figure, bandwidth, and other characteristics, is essential for anyone interested in optical networking. By answering these 25 questions, we hope to have provided a comprehensive overview of EDFA amplifiers and their applications in optical networks.

FAQs

What is the difference between EDFA and SOA amplifiers?
How can I calculate the gain of an EDFA amplifier?
What is the effect of pump
power on the performance of an EDFA amplifier? 4. Can EDFA amplifiers be used in WDM systems?
How can I minimize the polarization mode dispersion of an EDFA amplifier?
FAQs Answers
The main difference between EDFA and SOA amplifiers is that EDFA amplifiers use a doped fiber to amplify the optical signal, while SOA amplifiers use a semiconductor material.
The gain of an EDFA amplifier can be calculated using the formula: G = 10*log10(Pout/Pin), where G is the gain in decibels, Pout is the output power, and Pin is the input power.
The pump power has a significant impact on the gain and noise figure of an EDFA amplifier. Increasing the pump power can increase the gain and reduce the noise figure, but also increases the risk of nonlinear effects and thermal damage.
Yes, EDFA amplifiers are commonly used in WDM systems to amplify the optical signals at multiple wavelengths simultaneously.
The polarization mode dispersion of an EDFA amplifier can be minimized by using polarization-maintaining fibers and components, and by optimizing the design of the amplifier to reduce birefringence effects.

Difference between EDFAs requirements for Terrestrial(Land) Systems and Submarine Systems.

Technical 3 Mins Read

Compared with requirements for EDFAs for terrestrial applications and for Submarine applications, there are major important differences making the two types of amplifiers definitely two different components.

Terrestrial(Land) system	Submarine System
•Reliability of land-based equipment is somewhat relaxed, corresponding to a 15-year required lifetime.	• Submarine systems are designed for a 25-year lifetime and a minimum of ship repair that imply reliability and redundancy of all the critical components.
• Terrestrial equipment should enable operation over a wide temperature range of −5, +70°C (and −40, +85°C in storage conditions). This wide temperature range makes it necessary to implement cooling means for the highest temperatures and compensation means for temperature-sensitive devices.	• In submarine amplifiers, heat is dissipated from the outer side of the repeater container into the sea. Such a container is designed in order to make the heat go through the box from the pump device to the outer side, ensuring moderate temperature in all points. Temperature of the deep sea is indeed around +5°C. Specific care is taken for repeaters located at the coast or in shallow water, in order to guarantee no pump failure while avoiding Peltier cooling. For reliability reasons, no glue is used on the optical path. The constant temperature of the devices and the doped fiber incorporated in the amplifier makes it possible to perfectly tailor the gain spectrum of the submerged EDFAs, owing to very accurate equalizing filters and to concatenating hundreds of amplifiers. This would not be possible for land-based amplifiers whose gain cannot be guaranteed below 1 dB for a 30-nm bandwidth partly due to such temperature changes (while a few tenths of dB of gain excursion is reached for submarine amplifiers).
• The infrastructure itself of terrestrial systems determines the actual characteristics of the amplifier that needs to cope with important variations of the span loss between two amplifier sites. In addition, for economical reasons, the amplifiers cannot be tailored to cope with this nonuniform link.	• In submarine systems, the link is manufactured at the same time as the amplifiers and much attention is paid to guarantee constant attenuation loss between amplifier values, while the amplifier has been designed to perfectly adapt to the link characteristics.
• There are high gain range (20 to 35 dB) of the amplifiers incorporated in land-based systems and allowed by the margins given on the OSNR due to the reduced total link length. Gain equalizers therefore compensate for much larger gain excursion values than in submarine amplifiers and should therefore be located at amplifier midstage in order not to impact their equalizing loss on the amplifier output power.	• On the contrary, such filters can be placed after the single section of doped fiber that composes the amplifier in the case of submarine applications.

Simplifying what and why of Raman Amplifier

Technical 6 Mins Read

Background Information

The Raman amplifier is typically much more costly and has less gain than an Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) amplifier. Therefore it is used only for speciality applications.
The main advantage that this amplifier has over the EDFA is that it generates very less noise and hence does not degrade span Optical to Signal Noise Ratio (OSNR) as much as the EDFA.
Its typical application is in EDFA spans where additional gain is required but the OSNR limit has been reached.
Adding a Raman amplifier might not significantly affect OSNR, but can provide up to a 20dB signal gain.
Another key attribute is the potential to amplify any fiber band, not just the C band as is the case for the EDFA. This allows for Raman amplifiers to boost signals in O, E, and S bands (for Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM) amplification application).
The amplifier works on the principle of Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), which is a nonlinear effect.
It consists of a high-power pump laser and fiber coupler (optical circulator).
The amplification medium is the span fiber in a Distributed Type Raman Amplifier (DRA).
Distributed Feedback (DFB) laser is a narrow spectral bandwidth which is used as a safety mechanism for Raman Card. DFB sends pulse to check any back reflection that exists in the length of fiber. If no High Back Reflection (HBR) is found, Raman starts to transmit.
Generally HBR is checked in initial few kilometers of fibers to first 20 Km. If HBR is detected, Raman will not work. Some fiber activity is needed after you find the problem area via OTDR.

Common Types of Raman Amplifiers

The lumped or discrete type Raman amplifier internally contains a sufficiently long spool of fiber where the signal amplification occurs.
The DRA pump laser is connected to the fiber span in either a counter pump (reverse pump) or a co-pump (forward pump) or configuration.
The counter pump configuration is typically preferred since it does not result in excessively high signal powers at the start of the fiber span, which can result in nonlinear distortions as shown in the image.

The advantage of the co-pump configurations is that it produces less noise.

Principle

As the pump laser photons propagate in the fiber, they collide and are absorbed by fiber molecules or atoms. This excites the molecules or atoms to higher energy levels. The higher energy levels are not stable states so they quickly decay to lower intermediate energy levels that release energy as photons in any direction at lower frequencies. This is known as spontaneous Raman scattering or Stokes scattering and contributes to noise in the fiber.

Since the molecules decay to an intermediate energy vibration level, the change in energy is less than the initial received energy at the time of molecule excitation. This change in energy from excited level to intermediate level determines the photon frequency since Δ f = Δ E / h. This is referred to as the Stokes frequency shift and determines the Raman gain versus frequency curve shape and location. The energy that remains from the intermediate level to ground level is dissipated as molecular vibrations (phonons) in the fiber. Since there exists a wide range of higher energy levels, the gain curve has a broad spectral width of approximately 30 THz.

At the time of the stimulated Raman scattering, signal photons co-propagate frequency gains curve spectrum, and acquires energy from the Stokes wave, that results in signal amplification.

Theory of Raman Gain

The Raman gain curve’s FWHM width is about 6THz (48 nm) with a peak at about 13.2THz under the pump frequency. This is the useful signal amplification spectrum. Therefore, in order to amplify a signal in the 1550 nm range the pump laser frequency is required to be 13.2THz below the signal frequency at about 1452 nm.

Multiple pump lasers with side-by-side gain curves are used to widen the total Raman gain curve.

Where fp = pump frequency, THz fs = signal frequency, THz Δ f v = Raman Stokes frequency shift, THz.

Raman gain is the net signal gain distributed over the fiber’s effective length. It is a function of pump laser power, fiber effective length, and fiber area.

For fibers with a small effective area, such as in dispersion compensation fiber, Raman gain is higher. Gain is also dependent on the signal separation from the laser pump wavelength, Raman signal gain is also specified and field measured as on/off gain. This is defined as the ratio of the output signal power with the pump laser on and off. In most cases the Raman ASE noise has little effect on the measured signal value with the pump laser on. However, if there is considerable noise, which can be experienced when the measurement spectral width is large, then the noise power measured with the signal off is subtracted from the pump on signal power in order to obtain an accurate on/off gain value. The Raman on/off gain is often referred to as the Raman gain.

Noise Sources

Noise created in a DRA span consists:

Amplified Spontaneous Emissions (ASE)
Double Rayleigh Scattering (DRS)
Pump Laser Noise

ASE noise is due to photon generation by spontaneous Raman scattering.

DRS noise occurs when twice reflected signal power due to Rayleigh scattering is amplified and interferes with the original signal as crosstalk noise.

The strongest reflections occur from connectors and bad splices.

Typically DRS noise is less than ASE noise, but for multiple Raman spans it can add up. In order to reduce this interference, Ultra Polish Connectors (UPC) or Angle Polish Connectors (APC) can be used. Optical isolators can be installed after the laser diodes in orer to reduce reflections into the laser. Also, span OTDR traces can help locate high-reflective events for repair.

Counter pump DRA configuration results in better OSNR performance for signal gains of 15 dB and greater. Pump laser noise is less of a concern because it usually is quite low with RIN of better than 160 dB/Hz.

Nonlinear Kerr effects can also contribute to noise due to the high laser pump power. For fibers with low DRS noise, the Raman noise figure due to ASE is much better than the EDFA noise figure. Typically, the Raman noise figure is –2 to 0 dB, which is about 6 dB better than the EDFA noise figure.

Raman amplifier noise factor is defined as the OSNR at the input of the amplifier to the OSNR at the output of the amplifier.

Noise figure is the dB version of noise factor.

The DRA noise and signal gain is distributed over the span fiber’s effective length.

Counter pump distributed Raman amplifiers are often combined with EDFA pre-amps to extend span distances. This hybrid configuration can provide 6dB improvement in the OSNR, which can significantly extend span lengths or increase span loss budget. Counter pump DRA can also help reduce nonlinear effects and allows for channel launch power reduction.

Functional Block Diagram for CoPropagating and Counter Propagating Raman Amplifier

Field Deployment architecture of EDFA and RAMAN Amplifiers:

Interesting to know:

Related Information

Planning Fiber Optic Networks by Bob Chomycz
https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/optical-networking/ons-15454-series-multiservice-provisioning-platforms/data_sheet_c78-658538.html
Technical Support & Documentation – Cisco Systems