Fresnel reflections occur in the light path where there is an abrupt change in the refractive index such as at connections and splices. The further away a reflective event is from the fiber launch point the less

it contributes to the total reflected power. Therefore, fiber connections and splices closest to the laser contribute the most to the ORL. ORL is always expressed as a positive decibel. The higher the ORL the lower the reflected power.

where ORL = optical return loss, dB

PR = total reflected power seen at the launch point, mW

Pi = launch or incident power, mW

where S = backscattering capture coefficient, approximately 0.0015

for standard fiber at 1550 nm

L= fiber length, km

α= attenuation coefficient, 1/km

See calculation for ORL for SMF at 1550nm.

Assume fiber attenuation is 0.22 dB/km at 1550 nm,

S = 0.0015 with a nonreflective end.

L=20Km

After calculation using above generic values; ORL will come as ~30 dB.

ITU-T G.959.1 recommends a minimum ORL of 24 dB for 2.5, 10, and 40 Gbps fiber links.