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Advantages of UNI/BI-directional Protection Switching

Many times we heard that we should implement Unidirectional or Bidirectional APS in the network.Just some of the advantages of...
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  • March 26, 2025
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channel-codin-1

Channel Coding-A walkthrough

This article is just for revising Channel Coding concepts. Channel coding is the process that transforms binary data bits into...
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  • March 26, 2025
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channel-codin-1

Rejuvenating PCM:Pulse Code Modulation

This article consists the very basic of PCM(Pulse Code Modulation).i.e foundation for Telecom Networks. The pulse code modulation (PCM) technology...
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  • March 26, 2025
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c517773e-9b7e-4e2b-8844-3ab33d07e5aa

If SDH is based on node and signal synchronization, why do fluctuations occur?

Very general question for a Optics beginner. The answer lies in the practical limitations of synchronization. SDH networks use high-quality...
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  • March 26, 2025
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SDH/SONET:Maintenance and Performance Events

We know SDH/SONET is older technology now but just have a glimpse for the revision of basic FM process: SDH...
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  • March 26, 2025
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SONET/SDH:DEFECTS

A defect is understood as any serious or persistent event that holds up the transmission service. SDH defect processing reports...
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  • March 26, 2025
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OTN supports Transparent Transport of Client Signals:What does it really mean?

Transparency here is transmission over network without altering original property of the client signal. G.709 defines the OPUk which can...
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  • March 26, 2025
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We know that pointers give beginning location of Payload in SONET/SDH frame.So how to get end of payload info?

Actually SPE(synchronous payload envelope) can start anywhere within the SONET payload, which necessitates the need for a pointer to point...
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  • March 26, 2025
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RS(n,k):Exploring “n” and “k” in Reed-Solomon FEC code

RS(n,k):Exploring “n” and “k” in Reed-Solomon FEC code

FEC codes in optical communications are based on a class of codes know as Reed-Solomon. A Reed-Solomon code is specified...
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  • March 26, 2025
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DALLE-2023-12-27-193927-An-image-representing-the-concept-of-Focusing-PRBS_-Pseudo-Random-Binary-Sequence-in-a-technological-and-abstract-style-The-image-features-a-digita

Focusing PRBS: Pseudo Random Binary Sequence

“In analog world the standard test message is the sine wave, followed by the two-­tone signal for more rigorous tests....
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  • March 26, 2025
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